The Arsenal Report

Soldier Firing a Webley Revolver

The Webley Mk IV Revolver – A Legacy in Steel a...

Introduction Few firearms have become as symbolically associated with the British Empire as the Webley revolver. With its stout profile, break-action design, and service across two World Wars, the Webley...

The Webley Mk IV Revolver – A Legacy in Steel and Smoke

Introduction Few firearms have become as symbolically associated with the British Empire as the Webley revolver. With its stout profile, break-action design, and service across two World Wars, the Webley is both a historical artifact and a mechanical icon. Among its many iterations, the Webley Mk IV revolver stands out for its dual legacy: one version saw use during the Boer War in .455 caliber, and another, more compact .38/200 version became standard British military issue during World War II. This blog explores the evolution, usage, and cultural footprint of the Webley Mk IV, including its various versions, notable users, screen appearances, and the enduring appeal of the Denix non-firing replica. The Birth of a Titan: Origins of the Webley Revolver The Webley revolver lineage began in earnest with the founding of Webley & Scott, a British arms manufacturer whose roots go back to the late 18th century. Originally founded by William Davies, it was eventually taken over by his son-in-law, Philip Webley, who further advanced the business. Webley & Scott became famous for producing reliable and powerful revolvers, serving not just the British military but also police and civilian markets. The first Webley to be officially adopted by the British Army was the Mk I in 1887, chambered in .455 Webley. Its top-break design and automatic extraction mechanism were revolutionary for their time, enabling fast reloading under combat conditions. Subsequent models refined the design further, with enhancements to the frame, lock mechanism, and grips. By the time the Mk IV revolver appeared, Webley had already cemented its place as the standard sidearm of the British Empire. Two separate revolvers would bear the name Mk IV—one a .455-caliber weapon used in the Boer War, and the other, a scaled-down .38-caliber variant adopted in 1932. The Webley Mk IV: Technical Overview and Design The Webley Mk IV revolver came in two major forms. The earlier Mk IV, chambered in .455 Webley, was introduced in 1899 and saw action during the Second Boer War. It retained the solid, break-top design and heavy recoil of its predecessors. The more commonly referenced Mk IV, however, is the .38/200 caliber model, introduced in 1932 and designed to replace the larger .455 service revolvers. This newer Mk IV was compact, more manageable in recoil, and suited to the evolving needs of interwar and WWII-era British forces. It featured: Caliber: .38/200 (.38 S&W with a 200-grain bullet) Action: Double-action revolver Barrel length: Typically 5 inches Weight: Approximately 1.9 lbs (unloaded) Capacity: 6-round cylinder Sights: Fixed front and rear notch The break-action design allowed the revolver to be quickly opened for reloading. As the barrel pivoted downward, the ejector star pushed out all six spent cartridges simultaneously. This was ideal for battlefield conditions, where speed and reliability were paramount. Evolution Through the Marks: Webley Variants The Webley revolver series evolved through multiple “Marks” (designations), each reflecting incremental improvements: Webley Mark I circa 1887 Mk I (1887): The original .455-caliber model, with a six-inch barrel and solid military build. Mk II and III: Introduced minor internal changes and improved materials. Mk IV (1899): The Boer War version chambered in .455, similar to the Mk III with cosmetic and mechanical tweaks. Mk V (1913): Strengthened frame and new grip design. Mk VI (1915): The definitive .455 model of WWI with a squared grip and six-inch barrel. Mk IV (.38, 1932): Often called the “Webley Mk IV .38” or “Webley Mk IV Police,” this model was lighter, had less recoil, and was used throughout WWII. Additionally, Webley produced variants for police use and export markets. The company also developed the Webley-Fosbery Automatic Revolver, an unusual semi-automatic revolver that was mechanically complex but offered rapid follow-up shots. The Webley Mk IV in War Second Boer War The .455 Mk IV revolver debuted during the Boer War, proving itself in harsh African conditions. Officers and mounted troops valued its simplicity, reliability, and stopping power. World War I Although the Mk VI would become the iconic revolver of WWI, earlier models including the Mk IV were still used by officers and rear-echelon troops. World War II The .38 Mk IV became standard issue in 1932 and was widely used by British and Commonwealth forces during WWII. It offered less recoil than the .455 models, making it easier to handle and train with. Soldiers and officers alike carried it into battle across Europe, North Africa, and Asia. The round, while less powerful than the .455, was considered adequate when paired with the 200-grain lead bullet. Post-War and Police Use After the war, the Webley Mk IV saw service with police forces across the UK and Commonwealth nations. Its reliability made it a popular sidearm well into the 1960s. Notable Carriers Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery: Known to carry a Webley revolver T.E. Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia): Frequently depicted with a Webley British Commandos and RAF officers: Regularly issued Webleys Media and Pop Culture Appearances The Webley Mk IV, along with the Mk VI, has had extensive representation in film and television due to its iconic silhouette and historical associations. It is often used to evoke a sense of British grit and imperial history. Films Indiana Jones Carries the Webley Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989): Indiana Jones carries a Webley Mk VI. The Mummy (1999): Brendan Fraser’s character uses a Webley revolver. Zulu (1964): British officers carry Webleys during the Anglo-Zulu War. Lawrence of Arabia (1962): Shows T.E. Lawrence wielding a Webley. Television Thomas Shelby (Peaky Blinders) With Webley Revolver Peaky Blinders: Characters frequently use Webleys, especially the Mk IV. Downton Abbey: Features Webleys during wartime flashbacks. Their distinct break-top design and sturdy construction make them immediately recognizable on screen, often lending authenticity to period pieces. The Denix Non-Firing Webley Replica Denix Non-Firing Replica of the Webley Mark IV For collectors, reenactors, and film professionals, finding a real Webley Mk IV can be expensive and legally complex. Thankfully, Denix offers a high-quality non-firing replica that captures the essence of the Webley experience. Notable Features Full metal construction with a textured grip Rotating cylinder: Mimics real loading and firing operations Weight and dimensions: Close to the real thing for authenticity Advantages of the non-firing version Highly realistic: Ideal for display, reenactment, or props No FFL required: Legal to own in most locations without a license Durable construction: Made to withstand handling Affordable: Much cheaper than acquiring a live firearm Non-firing: Cannot be used for training or function testing Finish wear: Paint may chip with heavy handling No dry-firing durability: Internal mechanisms aren’t made for repeated trigger pulls For most enthusiasts, these drawbacks are minimal compared to the benefits. The Denix Webley replica serves as an accessible way to own a piece of military history without the risks or costs associated with live firearms. Conclusion The Webley Mk IV revolver remains one of the most historically significant and visually iconic handguns in military history. From the dusty plains of South Africa to the ruined cities of World War II Europe, it served British and Commonwealth forces with reliability and style. It lives on not only in museums and private collections but also in pop culture and replica form. Denix’s non-firing replica ensures that the legacy of the Webley Mk IV can continue to inspire collectors, filmmakers, and history buffs alike. Whether you are drawn to it for its cinematic charm, its wartime pedigree, or its mechanical elegance, the Webley Mk IV is a revolver worth remembering. For anyone seeking to own a piece of this legacy, the Denix replica is an excellent place to start.

Russian soldier holding a PPSH during combat.

The PPSh-41: A Soviet Icon – History, Impact, a...

Check out this in-depth blog explores the legendary Soviet PPSh-41 submachine gun, detailing its origins, wartime use, and global legacy. It also examines the Denix non-firing replica as a faithful,...

The PPSh-41: A Soviet Icon – History, Impact, and the Denix Replica

Check out this in-depth blog explores the legendary Soviet PPSh-41 submachine gun, detailing its origins, wartime use, and global legacy. It also examines the Denix non-firing replica as a faithful, collectible alternative, perfect for enthusiasts, historians, and reenactors seeking authenticity without legal hurdles.

soldier carrying a sten mark ii machine gun

The Denix STEN Mark II Non-Firing Replica: A De...

Introduction The Sten submachine gun stands as a testament to wartime ingenuity, symbolizing the resourcefulness of British forces during World War II. Its simplistic design and mass production not only...

The Denix STEN Mark II Non-Firing Replica: A Deep Dive into History and Craftsmanship

Introduction The Sten submachine gun stands as a testament to wartime ingenuity, symbolizing the resourcefulness of British forces during World War II. Its simplistic design and mass production not only equipped soldiers but also found its way into the hands of resistance fighters across Europe. Today, Denix offers enthusiasts a chance to own a piece of this history through their meticulously crafted non-firing replica. This review delves into the storied past of Sten Mark II and evaluates the authenticity and quality of Denix’s reproduction. Part 1: The History of the Original Sten Mark II The Origins In 1940, facing the aftermath of the Dunkirk evacuation, Britain grappled with a dire shortage of firearms. The urgent need for a cost-effective and rapidly producible submachine gun led to the development of the Sten. Designed by Major Reginald V. Shepherd and Harold J. Turpin at the Royal Small Arms Factory in Enfield, the Sten’s name combines the initials of its designers and the factory: Shepherd, Turpin, and Enfield. Design and Production The Sten Mark II emerged as the most prolific variant, with over two million units produced during the war. Its design prioritized simplicity: constructed mainly from stamped metal parts, it featured a side-mounted 32-round magazine, a basic tubular stock, and minimal moving parts. The Sten could be manufactured cheaply and quickly, often by factories without prior experience in arms production. Manufacturers included the Long Branch Arsenal in Canada, which produced over 134,000 units, and even small workshops across the UK. Notably, the Sten was partly inspired by the German MP28 and other contemporary designs, further emphasizing practicality over sophistication. Operational Use The Sten Mark II was deployed extensively by British, Commonwealth, and Allied forces from 1941 onward. It was a staple weapon for paratroopers, commandos, and most famously, European resistance groups who valued it for its ease of concealment and lightweight design. However, soldiers often criticized the Sten for its reliability issues. Early models had a reputation for accidental discharges if dropped, and the magazine feed could be finicky. One infamous event was the 1942 assassination attempt on Reinhard Heydrich, where a misfire of a Sten gun played a part. Despite its flaws, the Sten became a critical tool in urban warfare and clandestine operations throughout the war. Legacy of the STEN The Sten’s influence extended well beyond WWII. It continued to see use during the Korean War, various colonial conflicts, and by guerilla forces worldwide into the 1960s. Its basic design philosophy influenced later submachine guns, notably the Sterling SMG, which gradually replaced it in British service starting in 1953. More than just a weapon, the Sten became a symbol of resilience and the spirit of resistance against tyranny. __________________________________________ Part 2: Denix and Their Mission About Denix Founded in 1967 in Menorca, Spain, Denix has specialized in high-quality, historically accurate non-firing replicas. Their products cater to collectors, museums, reenactors, and filmmakers looking for detailed recreations without the complications of owning functional firearms. Denix has earned a reputation for excellent craftsmanship, historical fidelity, and durable design. Crafting History: The Philosophy Behind Denix Replicas Denix focuses on creating replicas that are visually and tactilely faithful to the originals. Every detail, from dimensions to mechanical parts, is considered, even though the replicas are entirely non-functional. By offering legal, safe alternatives to real firearms, Denix allows history enthusiasts to enjoy and preserve the legacy of iconic weapons. ____________________________________________________________ Part 3: The Denix STEN Mark II Replica: First Impressions Unboxing Experience The Denix STEN arrives securely packaged and surrounded by sturdy materials to prevent damage during shipment. Upon opening, the first impression is sheer authenticity: the weight, size, and build all immediately feel "right." The initial handling experience evokes a sense of respect for the wartime soldiers who once carried the original. Build Quality The replica is made almost entirely of metal, mimicking the real STEN’s rugged construction. The stock, receiver, barrel shroud, and magazine are all faithfully replicated in metal, giving it a realistic weight of approximately 7 pounds (3.2 kg). There are no visible plastic parts, and the slight imperfections in the finish replicate the crude production quality of the originals - an intentional design choice. Attention to Detail Denix’s STEN captures even minor features: the perforated barrel shroud, the minimalist iron sights, the welded joins, and the famous side-mounted magazine are all carefully crafted. Functional features include a working bolt (pulls back and locks), a removable magazine, trigger movement, and a removable stock. While the replica cannot chamber a round, the operation of these parts enhances the realism. __________________________________ Part 4: Hands-On Review Handling and Feel Handling the Denix STEN offers an authentic experience. The side-mounted magazine requires some getting used to, especially when aiming, but this is historically accurate. The skeletal stock, although minimalist, feels surprisingly sturdy when shouldered. The replica’s balance is spot-on, and dry handling exercises (like aiming and "firing" motions) feel natural. Durability and Display Value Denix uses durable materials, making the replica resilient to regular handling. Though it’s not meant for intense field use, the STEN replica is ideal for display, educational purposes, or light reenactment. Its robust construction ensures that, with proper care, it will last for decades. Comparison to Other Replicas Compared to other brands, Denix consistently delivers superior metalwork and more accurate functional details. Many cheaper replicas suffer from loose fittings or incorrect proportions such problems are not present in the Denix versions. The Denix STEN stands out as a top-tier choice for serious collectors. _____________________________ Part 5: Practical Uses Home Decor and Display The Denix STEN looks incredible mounted on a wall or showcased in a shadow box. Paired with WWII medals, maps, or uniforms, it creates a striking display. Display tips: Use wall-mounted brackets or horizontal shelves Consider vintage signage or wartime posters as a backdrop Install subtle lighting to enhance its presence. Reenactment and Cosplay For WWII reenactors, the Denix STEN provides an authentic look without the logistical and legal complications of a working firearm. It’s lightweight enough for hours of carrying during events and detailed enough for close-up photographs. Film and Theatre Props Filmmakers and theatrical productions often use Denix replicas due to their realism. The Denix STEN can easily pass for a real submachine gun on camera, reducing safety risks during filming. _______________________________________ Part 6: Legal Considerations Is It Legal to Own? In most jurisdictions, non-firing replicas like the Denix STEN are legal to own. However, some areas (such as certain U.S. states, Canada, and Australia) have regulations regarding replicas that closely resemble real firearms. (Please visit our shipping restrictions page for additional information on shipping within the United States) Tips for compliance: Always check your local and national laws before purchasing. Transport replicas in a case or container. Clearly label replicas as non-functional if displaying them publicly. Denix replicas feature an orange barrel plug to identify them as non-firing, aiding in legal compliance. ___________________________ Part 7: Final Verdict Pros and Cons Pros: High-quality, all-metal construction Faithful replication of the original design Functional mechanical parts Perfect for display, reenactment, and film use Cons: Higher price point than low-end replicas Cannot be modified to fire (which is a pro for legal reasons but a con for realism purists) Is It Worth Buying? Absolutely. For anyone passionate about WWII history, military collectibles, or film prop collecting, the Denix STEN Mark II non-firing replica is a worthwhile investment. Who Is It Perfect For? Military history buffs WWII reenactors Film and theater production crews Collectors of historical replicas ________________ Conclusion The Sten Mark II submachine gun is more than just a relic of wartime necessity, it’s a symbol of innovation under pressure and the resilience of free nations in their darkest hours. Through their exceptional craftsmanship, Denix allows us to hold a tangible reminder of that era. Their STEN Mark II non-firing replica stands not only as a beautiful piece for collectors but as a bridge connecting us to the soldiers, resistance fighters, and stories of bravery that shaped history. If you’re looking for a stunningly authentic WWII collectible that balances historical fidelity with safe, legal ownership, the Denix STEN Mark II belongs in your arsenal.  

Zoraki blank gun

Zoraki Blank Firing Guns – Technical Review for...

Read our technical review on the Zoraki blank firing guns. Explore their uses, scenarios, and different models to help you better understand this amazing brand and what they can offer...

Zoraki Blank Firing Guns – Technical Review for Film & Training Use

Read our technical review on the Zoraki blank firing guns. Explore their uses, scenarios, and different models to help you better understand this amazing brand and what they can offer you for your individual needs.

1920s gangster holding a thompson machine gun

From Trench to Theater: The Enduring Legend of ...

Read all about the history of the original Thompson "Tommy" Gun as well as explore the available options from Denix. Read about the difference between the two offered models by...

From Trench to Theater: The Enduring Legend of the Thompson Submachine Gun

Read all about the history of the original Thompson "Tommy" Gun as well as explore the available options from Denix. Read about the difference between the two offered models by TCN Vault.

soldier holding a 1911 gun

Denix 1911 Non-Firing Replica Review: History, ...

Introduction Few firearms have left a legacy as enduring as the M1911. Designed by the legendary John Browning, this semi-automatic pistol has become synonymous with American military heritage, remaining in...

Denix 1911 Non-Firing Replica Review: History, Accuracy, and Ownership Value

Introduction Few firearms have left a legacy as enduring as the M1911. Designed by the legendary John Browning, this semi-automatic pistol has become synonymous with American military heritage, remaining in service for over a century. The M1911’s rugged design, reliable performance, and iconic silhouette have made it a favorite among collectors, reenactors, and firearm enthusiasts alike. Enter the Denix 1911 non-firing replica — a masterfully crafted homage to the original, offering the look, feel, and mechanical function of the real thing, without the legal complexities or safety concerns of a live firearm. Manufactured by Denix in Spain and distributed by trusted outlets such as ourselves, these replicas serve multiple purposes: they’re perfect for historical display, theatrical productions, safe firearms training, and personal collections. In this review, we’ll take an in-depth look at the Denix 1911 replicas — comparing their features to the original Colt M1911 and M1911A1 models, exploring the history of these replicas, and highlighting the advantages of owning one. Whether you’re a serious collector or just love historical firearms, this detailed breakdown will help you understand why Denix replicas have earned a solid place in the world of non-firing reproductions. Historical Background: The M1911 Legacy The Origin of the M1911 The Colt M1911, officially adopted by the U.S. military in 1911, was designed to replace the less effective .38 caliber revolvers used in the Philippine-American War. Chambered in .45 ACP, the M1911 was praised for its stopping power and reliability. It quickly became the standard sidearm for U.S. forces during World War I, World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War. The M1911A1, an updated version introduced in the 1920s, featured slight modifications to improve handling — including a shorter trigger, arched mainspring housing, and improved sights. Despite these changes, the fundamental design remained nearly identical. Denix Replicas and Their Historical Role Denix began producing non-firing replicas in the mid-20th century with the mission of preserving military and historical weapon designs for collectors and enthusiasts. Based in Olot, Spain, Denix has built a reputation for manufacturing high-quality, historically accurate replicas that are legal to own in most parts of the world. Their line of M1911 replicas, particularly models like the Ref. 1312 and Ref. 6312, reflect a commitment to craftsmanship and historical fidelity. These replicas aren’t just for show — they replicate key mechanical functions of the real pistol, making them ideal for display and demonstration. Design and Construction Build Quality and Materials The Denix M1911 replicas are constructed from a proprietary zinc alloy (referred to as Zamak), which is both durable and corrosion-resistant. Though not as heavy as steel, the material gives the replicas a satisfying heft — typically weighing around 2 pounds (similar to the original unloaded pistol). The finish on the replicas varies slightly between models — with options in black, grey, antique silver, and dual-tone. Models like the 1312/C and 6312/C feature composite grips, closely resembling the Bakelite or hard rubber grips of WWII-era originals. Mechanical Functionality One of the standout features of Denix’s 1911 replicas is their functional mechanics: - The slide cycles manually, simulating the action of chambering a round.- The trigger moves and the hammer can be cocked and released.- The magazine is removable and often includes realistic spring tension.- Some models are field-strippable, such as the Collector’s Armoury M1911A1 Black Finish, allowing for partial disassembly — an uncommon feature in non-firing replicas. These functional details enhance the realism, making the Denix replicas useful for safe training demonstrations, stage use, or even cosplay and reenactments. Comparison with the Original M1911 Similarities Size and Dimensions: Denix replicas match the original in length (8.5 inches), grip angle, and frame profile.Weight and Balance: The weight is remarkably close to the original unloaded M1911, maintaining authentic balance.Mechanical Simulation: Trigger pull, hammer function, and slide action closely mirror the feel of the real thing.Field-Strippable Variants: Some models allow for a breakdown similar to the original firearm, which is perfect for demonstrating maintenance procedures. Differences Materials: While the original M1911 was made from steel, Denix uses Zamak alloy, which is lighter and not intended for live firing.Non-Firing Status: Denix replicas cannot chamber, fire, or be converted to fire live ammunition — a safety feature and legal requirement.Detailing: While impressive, some minor differences in machining, surface texture, and internal parts are noticeable on close inspection.Serial Numbers & Markings: Replicas feature Denix-specific branding and generic serial numbers, avoiding confusion with real firearms. Advantages of Owning a Denix 1911 Replica 1. Legal Accessibility In most jurisdictions, non-firing replicas like Denix models can be purchased and owned without special permits. This makes them ideal for collectors who want the aesthetic and mechanical feel of a firearm without navigating complex firearm laws. 2. Collector Appeal Whether you're interested in World War-era weapons, Cold War memorabilia, or cinematic history, the 1911 is a must-have. Denix’s historically faithful replicas fit beautifully into any collection, and their wide variety of finishes allows for customization. 3. Safe Training Tool Instructors and firearms trainers often use non-firing replicas for dry-fire drills, holster training, or classroom demonstrations. Since these replicas function mechanically, they offer a safe and cost-effective alternative to real firearms. 4. Reenactment and Film Use Theater productions, historical reenactments, and independent film projects benefit greatly from realistic non-firing weapons. Denix replicas deliver authentic visuals and handling without the safety risks of blanks or real guns. 5. Maintenance-Free Display Live firearms require regular cleaning and proper storage. A Denix replica, on the other hand, is virtually maintenance-free. It won't rust, jam, or degrade like a working firearm, making it an ideal display piece. In-Depth Look at Specific Denix Models Ref. 1312 (Black Finish with Composite Grips) This model most closely resembles the post-WWI M1911A1 variant. It features a sleek black finish and textured composite grips. The trigger, hammer, and magazine are all functional, and the overall weight gives it a realistic presence. Ref. 6312 (Nickel Finish with Wood Grips) A more modern look makes this piece a favorite among collectors interested in a modern period-authentic display. The nickel finish offers a more flashier look for those looking for a larger flare to their character in filming or theater scenes. Ref. 8312 and 9312 (Dual-Tone and Custom Finishes) These models add flair with two-tone finishes or polished details, making them stand out in any display. They still maintain full mechanical function and come with removable magazines. Ref. 5312 (Gold Finish Model) This striking version of the M1911 replica features a luxurious gold-tone finish that sets it apart from the standard models. Designed for collectors who want a standout piece, the Ref. 5312 is perfect for ceremonial or display purposes. Despite the flashy appearance, it retains the full mechanical functionality of other Denix replicas, including a working trigger, removable magazine, and cocking hammer. It's a showpiece that adds a regal touch to any military or firearm collection Use in Film and Pop Culture The 1911 has appeared in thousands of films, from war epics to modern action movies. Denix replicas, due to their realistic appearance and safety features, are often used in film and stage productions. Historical Dramas: Denix replicas are ideal for accurate WWII portrayals.Action Films: Their mechanical realism adds credibility without the danger.Cosplay and Fan Films: Lightweight and safe for public events, these replicas are often used in costume-based performances. Legal Considerations and International Ownership Denix replicas are legal in most countries but are subject to local laws. In the U.S., they are federally legal, though states like New York and California have stricter laws regarding display or transportation. Markings: Orange tips or markings may be required for display in public.Importation: Some countries restrict the import of replica firearms, so it is critical to check with local customs agencies.Airsoft vs. Replica: Denix models are not airsoft guns and cannot fire any projectiles. Care and Maintenance While Denix replicas require minimal maintenance, a few simple steps can preserve their longevity: Dust Regularly: Especially around moving parts.Light Lubrication: Use a silicone-based lubricant on the slide and trigger occasionally.Avoid Excessive Handling: Oils from the skin may cause the finish dulling over time.Display Cases: Use glass or acrylic cases for protection against dust and moisture. User Testimonials and Community Opinions Many collectors praise the Denix 1911 for its affordability and visual accuracy:  "I've handled real 1911s for over 30 years, and this Denix version is incredibly close. Great for my WWII display room." "Used this in a stage production with holstering and draw scenes — looked fantastic from the audience." "Perfect training tool for my concealed carry students to learn proper draw and safe handling without any risk." Forums like Reddit's r/Milsurp and dedicated collector groups on Facebook regularly feature Denix replicas in discussions. Conclusion: Is It Worth It? For anyone interested in military history, collecting, training, or theatrical performance, Denix 1911 replicas offer tremendous value. They deliver realistic handling, historical detail, and safety all in one package. While they can never fully replace the feel of real steel, they succeed in what they aim to be: beautiful, functional, safe representations of a legendary firearm. Whether you’re displaying them in a home office, using them on stage, or educating students about firearms, Denix replicas are a worthwhile investment in the past and a legal, safe nod to one of the greatest sidearms ever designed.